| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module act as instruments that transform sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. These are an eco-friendly and renewable energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a device that captures sunlight to generate heat, usually used for water heating or space heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, space warming, or power generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its wealthy cultural legacy, notable attractions, and lively urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse scenery of rolling hills, historic forts, and lively city hubs that mix history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the natural illumination emitted by the sun, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a kind of energy generated by the flow of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives innumerable devices and systems, supporting modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a reversed electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction movement of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that accumulates chemical energy and transforms it into electric power to run various electronic devices. It includes several galvanic cells, each comprising positive and negative electrodes interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts solar radiation immediately into power using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy option that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for home use and grid connection. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and providing secure, reliable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips direction regularly, typically used in residential and business power supplies. It enables effective transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that regulates the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It ensures optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a device used to measure the dimension, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This system enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are massive plants that utilize sunlight to create electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They supply a green and sustainable energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic panels on roofs of buildings to create electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps cut down on reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to our planet for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions store excess electricity generated from renewable energy or the power grid for subsequent consumption, boosting energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These systems typically utilize batteries to offer backup energy, lower energy costs, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells documents the progress and innovations in solar energy technology from the initial finding of the solar effect to contemporary high-performance solar arrays. It highlights major innovations, including the creation of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have substantially enhanced power conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist by profession noted for his innovative work in the study of the photoelectric effect and glow. His experiments laid the groundwork for grasping how light interacts with particular substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States inventor who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work established the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar energy technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a prestigious research and development entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials research. It has been the birthplace of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its essential role in the fabrication of electronics and solar modules. It is a hard, breakable crystal material with a bluish-gray metallic luster, mainly utilized as a semiconductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little device installed on each photovoltaic panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach improves system efficiency, facilitates better performance monitoring, and increases energy production in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a component that turns sunlight straight into electricity through the solar energy process. It is commonly used in solar arrays to offer a green and eco-friendly energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a elementary particle representing a unit of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It serves a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which certain materials convert sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This event is the fundamental foundation behind photovoltaic technology, facilitating the capturing of solar solar power for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a fine slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use thin semiconductor layers only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and fixed equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as occupants, furnishings, and external influences. Both are important considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the same voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and sustainable sources, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the metric system, representing the rate of energy movement or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the work per unit charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of electrical potential, electric potential difference, and voltage in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between locations in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the movement of electrical charge through a metal wire, usually measured in amps. It is essential for supplying electronic gadgets and facilitating the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the standard of electric flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It quantifies the movement of electric charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and power of power systems to maintain reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and uniform method of supplying electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is frequently used for powering and feeding a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) from sources like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for home devices. It enables the application of regular electrical equipment in settings where only DC energy is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as a collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the angle of solar panels to follow the solar trajectory throughout the daytime, enhancing power intake. This innovation boosts the effectiveness of solar energy collection by maintaining optimal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to enhance the power output of solar energy systems by constantly tuning the working point to align with the optimal power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure provides the best performance energy harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that observes and analyzes the efficiency of solar panel systems in real-time, offering valuable data on power output and system status. It assists optimize solar power output by identifying issues early and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, electronic gadgets, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous small silicon lattice structures, typically used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves fusing and restructuring silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline type fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure variant of silicon with a continuous lattice framework, making it very effective for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic devices. Its consistent formation allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in better functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a kind of film solar system that presents a cost-effective and effective option for large-scale solar energy production. They are known as their high absorption capability and moderately reduced manufacturing costs in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible photovoltaic devices that employ a multi-layered compound of copper, In, Ga, and Se to transform sunlight into power effectively. They are known for their high light capturing performance, bendability, and possibility for portable, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a disordered atomic configuration, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than crystalline silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic systems due to its economic advantage and flexible properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic modules aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are advanced photovoltaic modules that use multiple p-n connections arranged in unison to collect a wider range of the solar spectrum, greatly increasing their efficiency. They are primarily used in space applications and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are vital components that generate sunlight into electrical energy to supply onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metal, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor famous for its great electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize optics or mirrors to direct sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This approach is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in regions with clear sunlight, delivering a economical approach for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for high efficiency and bendability. They offer a portable, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These coatings are important in electronic devices, optical systems, and coverings for their special physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and affordable energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of compound spanning fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in depth, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These films are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and medical applications, to alter surface properties or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units equal to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to describe minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are accurate measuring instruments used to exactly measure tiny gaps or depths, commonly in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw system that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a slender, disk-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the foundation for fabricating semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the manufacture of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar units known for their superior output and flexibility, perfect for diverse applications. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight directly into power with remarkable performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being cost-effective and having a relatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sun rays directly into electricity using PV cells, supplying a sustainable energy source for residential, industrial, and utility-scale applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and affordable way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to absorb light and generate electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that use organic materials, to transform solar radiation into electrical power. They are easy to handle, bendable, and enable more affordable, large-area solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising photovoltaic material used in laminate solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an attractive option for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as rooftops, building exteriors, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves placing a transparent film to the interior or exterior of automobiles or edifices panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations overview various large-scale solar energy plants around the globe, showcasing their power and sites. These stations play a vital role in renewable energy production and international efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are extensive systems that transform sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are essential in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of challenges such as pollution, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, decreasing environmental harm and promoting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, crude oil, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are depleted when used. They are the primary energy sources for power production and transportation but pose ecological and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various power sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as Pb, mercury, cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how well a solar panel converts sunlight into usable electrical electricity. Improving this efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy output and decreasing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum physics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves subjecting products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This development is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by raising the share of renewable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities intended to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear component that bends light to converge or separate rays, forming images. It is often used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and increase light flow. It improves the crispness and luminosity of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that their wave heights counteract each other, resulting in a reduction or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This occurrence generally happens when the waves are out of phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity, typically used in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes sinusoidally as time progresses, permitting effective conveyance across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a miniature device used to transform DC from a individual solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It boosts system performance by maximizing power output at the panel level and simplifies setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or alternating current power, is electrical power delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric current periodically reverse polarity, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is generally used in households and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a kind of electrical connector used to provide DC power from a energy source to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a cylindrical plug and jack that ensure a reliable and consistent link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international safety certification agency that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they meet certain protection norms. It supports consumers and companies identify reliable and secure products through rigorous assessment and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this configuration, the constant electric current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, providing multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a semiconductor device that permits current to pass in one way exclusively, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12 volt, designed to supply electrical energy for different devices and attachments inside of a vehicle. It allows users to recharge electronic gadgets or operate small devices when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking devices to computing systems, allowing information exchange and electric power. It backs a wide range of peripherals such as keyboards, mice, external storage, and mobile phones, with multiple revisions delivering increased speeds and upgraded features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for maximizing energy generation and making solar power affordable and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, extending from radio signals to high-energy photons, all possessing diverse wavelengths and energy levels. This band is fundamental to many technologies and natural phenomena, enabling data exchange, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a crucial role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on variations of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and grace by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to calculate the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a specific area, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the spread and conveyance of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of diverse hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is frequently used to describe the spread of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a large volume of air with fairly consistent thermal and dampness characteristics, coming from from specific source zones. These air masses influence weather systems and atmospheric conditions as they pass through different zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the power per unit area received from the solar source in the form of solar rays. It varies with solar phenomena and Earth's weather systems, impacting climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the collection of debris, and foreign matter on the panels of solar panels, which diminishes their output. Consistent upkeep and care are necessary to limit energy waste and ensure best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when there is no current, taken across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, bypassing the normal load. It poses a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the peak power capacity of a solar panel under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak potential to produce electricity in conventional testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to determine the electrical potential between separate points in a electrical system. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid element essential for plant development and applied in different industrial applications, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical traits that make it valuable in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic solar panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined method of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and farming, optimizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while simultaneously creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels designed to harvest sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides shelter while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a assembly of several photovoltaic modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in sustainable power systems to deliver renewable, sustainable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a construction that provides shade and shelter from the weather for exterior areas. It boosts the functionality and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a cozy zone for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, usually true north, to the line linking an viewer to a destination. It is commonly used in wayfinding, mapping, and astrophysics to specify the direction of an object in relation to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material extensively utilized in thin film solar panels due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates superb optical properties, making it a common option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies highlights the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in driving solar energy integration and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to assess massive power generation generation and consumption. It is typically associated with power plants, national grids, and significant energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a international leader in solar PV power solutions, focused on making thin-film solar modules that offer high efficiency and economical power generation. The organization is focused on sustainable renewable energy advancement and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly connecting various parts of industrial and automation systems to enhance efficiency and trustworthiness. It focuses on building cutting-edge solutions that enable smooth communication and compatibility among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a leading Chinese-based company focused on manufacturing and innovating photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. Renowned for its advanced technology and eco-friendly energy programs in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often employed to indicate the capacity of large-scale electricity generation or consumption. It highlights the huge energy scale involved in current energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the effect where the unit cost reduces as total output rises, due to learning and efficiencies achieved over time. This effect highlights the value of learned skills in lowering costs and boosting output in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of creating solar or wind energy becomes equal to or less than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that renewable energy sources are economically viable with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the main electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a system of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is supplied through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to produce heat. It is a green, sustainable, and planet-friendly power supply that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in domestic, commercial, and manufacturing environments to generate green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar-powered goods features a range of gadgets that harness sunlight to generate energy, supporting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include everything from solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, delivering versatile options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a facility that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ optical lenses plus mirrors to focus solar radiation on highly efficient photovoltaic cells, greatly enhancing power output using a compact footprint. This approach is particularly effective where intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
